Al-Turath Medical Journal (ATMJ) Scientific, open-access, peer-reviewed journal by Al-Turath University. Dedicated to promoting medical sciences, ATMJ publishes quarterly (March, June, September, December) under CC-BY 4.0. We ensure originality via Turnitin. Free for all authors and readers. Journal Identity Abbreviation: Al-Turath Med. J. P-ISSN: 3080-1265 E-ISSN: 3080-1273 Discipline: Medicine (Multidisciplinary) Metrics & Editor Frequency: 4 issues/year (Quarterly) Acceptance: 45% Analysis: SCOPUS | WoS | GS Editor: Assist. Prof. Dr.Harith Ahmed Mustafa Submission & User Guidelines First-time Users: Click "Register" and verify your account via email. *Do not register again if you already have a user ID/password. Authors & Reviewers: Log in to submit manuscripts, track progress, or download assigned papers for review. Profile Updates: Log in and click "Update My Information" at the top to change your username or password.
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Outcomes of Intralesional Bleomycin Therapy in Low-Flow Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck: Pain, Functional Improvement, and Patient Satisfaction from a Prospective Multi-Centre Study in Iraq
Low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck are congenital venous, lymphatic, and mixed lesions that cause pain, functional impairment, and psychosocial distress. Although bleomycin sclerotherapy is well established for reducing lesion volume, patient-reported outcomes such as pain relief, functional recovery, and overall satisfaction remain insufficiently documented, particularly in the Iraqi clinical setting. This prospective multi-centre study evaluated these outcomes in 20 patients with low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck treated with intralesional bleomycin sclerotherapy across three Iraqi teaching hospitals between August 2025 and April 2026. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale or the Wong-Baker FACES scale, functional status was evaluated through clinician- and patient-reported assessment of speech, mastication, swallowing, and oral competence, and satisfaction was recorded on a five-point Likert scale four weeks after the final treatment. Pain scores decreased significantly, from a mean of 2.7 ± 2.4 at baseline to 0.9 ± 1.3 after treatment (p < 0.001; effect size r = 0.71), and 9 of the 16 patients with baseline pain (56.3%) achieved complete pain relief. All 17 patients with pre-treatment functional deficits (100%) reported meaningful improvement, and both patients with pre-treatment bleeding episodes achieved complete cessation of bleeding. The mean satisfaction score was 4.35 ± 0.99 out of 5, with 17 patients (85.0%) reporting satisfaction or high satisfaction, and no severe adverse events occurred. These findings indicate that intralesional bleomycin sclerotherapy produces clinically meaningful improvements in pain, function, and satisfaction in low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck, supporting its role as an effective and patient-valued treatment option for these lesions.
Copyright (c) 2026 THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiological Links and Therapeutic Perspectives
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine and metabolic conditions in women of reproductive age, and is commonly characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism and reproductive dysfunction (1,2). Recent studies have provided increasing evidence regarding the involvement of gut microbiota alterations in the pathogenesis of PCOS, acting via intricate metabolic, endocrine, inflammatory and immune pathways. Cellular changes in the gut associated with these factors such as an increase in intestinal permeability, inflammation due to lipopolysaccharide, changes in the production of short-chain fatty acids, and bile acid metabolism (7,12,32) have all been proposed as mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis contributes to the development of insulin resistance. This narrative review aims to provide a synthesis of the available evidence and make a critical appraisal of the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and insulin resistance in PCOS. The literature was accessed from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar from the year 2015 to 2025 with the keywords such as “PCOS”, “gut microbiota”, “gut microbiome”, “dysbiosis”, and “insulin resistance”. Special focus was given to the pathophysiological mechanisms linking alterations of the gut microbiome to metabolic dysfunction, the role of host–microbiome interactions, and novel therapeutic strategies based on the gut microbiome. The evidence reviewed here showed a close relationship between insulin resistance and gut dysbiosis, and gut dysbiosis may play a role in the metabolic and reproductive symptoms of PCOS. Other microbiome-targeting strategies like probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and metformin have shown promise in enhancing insulin sensitivity, inflammatory markers, hormonal regulation, and metabolic health. Other novel methods, such as postbiotics and FMT are promising, but clinical evidence is limited (22,27). Finally, gut microbiota dysbiosis may be an important element of the pathophysiology of PCOS and a therapeutic target. More well-designed clinical trials are needed to better understand the mechanisms and long-term effects and safety of microbiome-based interventions for PCOS.
Predictive Value of Maternal Parvovirus B19 IgG and Hematologic Profiles for the B19-Induced Miscarriage Risk Score
Background: Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a known cause of first-trimester miscarriages. Although diagnosis using serology has been extensively documented in the literature, no hematology-based risk scoring parameters for the evaluation of pregnant women exposed to B19V infection based on their risk of developing complications. Objectives: To evaluate maternal parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies and hematological profiles as potential predictive biomarkers for the B19-induced miscarriage risk score. Methods: The case-control design included 40 women diagnosed with miscarriage (cases) and 40 women during their full-term pregnancy (controls). Anti-B19 IgG was assayed using ELISA. The following complete blood count values (CBC) were determined: Hb, WBC, RBC, PLT, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. The risk score involves analyzing the independent contributions of B19 serology, RBC indices, and gestational period, using binary logistic regression (odds ratios) in conjunction with Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA by gestational periods, and establishing cut-off points based on ROC analysis. Results: B19 IgG seropositivity (OR= 7.154; p< 0.001), RBC count (OR = 4.349; p = 0.016), and gestational age (OR = 1.686; p = 0.046) were found to be independent predictors of risk in logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of B19 IgG positivity was significantly higher in miscarriage cases than in controls (67.5% vs. 22.5%; p< 0.001). Significantly lower RBC counts were observed in miscarriages (4.07 ± 0.07 vs. 4.51 ± 0.20 x10⁶/µL; p = 0.017). Miscarriage cases in the first trimester constituted 60% of all cases. The cut-off points calculated via ROC analysis were: 1.85 U/ml (AUC = 0.664; 72.5% specificity) for B19 IgG, 4.21 x10⁶/µL (AUC = 0.654) for RBC, and 1.25 x10³/µL (AUC = 0.635) for WBC. The levels of B19 IgG and lymphocyte count varied significantly in gestational windows (p=.031 and p=.015, respectively). Conclusions: A clinically useful three-factor risk score, comprising B19 IgG status, RBC count, and gestational age, shows substantial predictive ability for B19V-related miscarriage of early pregnancy. Further validation is required to establish whether this model would be sufficiently accurate to predict B19V-related miscarriage during early-trimester antenatal assessment.
GC-MS Analysis, Total Phenolic Content, and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Akpi) Seeds
Abstract Background: Ricinodendron heudelotii (Akpi) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in West and Central Africa to treat inflammation, malaria, and digestive disorders. While its leaves and bark have been studied, the seeds—particularly non-polar extracts—remain largely unexplored. Objective: This study investigated the phytochemical composition, volatile constituents, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of the seeds extract. Methods: Dried seeds were sequentially extracted with hexane and 70% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard qualitative tests. Hexane extract was analyzed by GC-MS to identify volatile compounds. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) assays. Results: The ethanol extract tested positive for flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and volatile oils. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed methyl palmitate (9.71%) and methyl stearate (11.17%) as major constituents. The extract showed a TPC of 29.65 ± 1.18 mg GAE/g, a DPPH IC50 of 64.51 μg/mL (95% CI: 44.28 - 119.0 μg/mL), and a T-AOC of 23.91 ± 0.37 U/mg protein. Ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) exhibited a DPPH IC50 of 14.70 μg/mL (95% CI: 10.41 - 19.83 μg/mL) and a T-AOC of 45.62 ± 2.14 U/mg protein. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between DPPH activity and T-AOC for ascorbic acid (r = 0.9998, p = 0.0141), while the extract showed a moderate non-significant correlation (r = 0.500, p = 0.667). Conclusion: R. heudelotii seeds possess significant antioxidant activity, supporting their traditional medicinal use and potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical applications.
Antioxidants; DPPH; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Methyl Palmitate; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Ricinodendron heudelotii
Epidemiological Factors Associated with Ocular Toxoplasmosis among Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that causes numerous vascular and neurological complications. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most prominent of these complications due to the damage it causes to the retinal blood vessels and visual disturbances leading to impaired vision and vision loss. When infection with ocular toxoplasmosis occurs, the retinal inflammation intensifies due to the interaction between the vascular damage caused by diabetes and the inflammatory response triggered by the parasite, leading to worsening of the infection and increased severity of symptoms and ocular complications. The current study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of ocular toxoplasmosis among patients with diabetic retinopathy, while also evaluating the most important factors associated with infection and its accompanying clinical symptoms. The results showed that the incidence of ocular toxoplasmosis reached 20% among patients with diabetic retinopathy. The infection rate was also found to be higher in females compared to males and in the 60-69 age group, indicating an increased susceptibility with advancing age. Furthermore, the results showed a higher incidence rate among rural populations compared to urban populations. In urban areas, in addition to a clear association with cat breeding, where the exposure rate reached 45%, the results showed that unilateral eye infection was more common than bilateral infection, while high light sensitivity was the most prominent clinical symptom among patients. These results indicate a relationship between some demographic and environmental factors and the increased likelihood of developing ocular toxoplasmosis in diabetic retinopathy patients, which confirms the importance of early diagnosis and periodic follow-up to reduce visual complications and improve the health status of patients.
Ocular toxoplasmosis, Diabetic retinopathy, Epidemiology, Risk factors
Polyethylene Glycol 6000 Precipitation for low-titer virus detection: Optimization Strategies and Mitigation of Inhibitor Interference
Polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) precipitation has been identified as an efficient pre-analytical procedure for determining the concentration of viral fragments via clinical and natural specimens’ collection, especially in low viral load conditions. The accuracy of viral load, especially by polymerase chain reaction, is necessary to diagnostic of different viral infections. PEG 6000 enhances the analytical sensitivity of post-processing molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction, by decreasing the volume of samples and increasing the density of virus particles. This method is particularly useful for wastewater – based epidemiological research as well as for detecting latent or persistent viral infection. Nevertheless, PEG-mediated precipitation processes can co-isolate inhibitor compounds which interact with amplification performance; it requires thoughtful optimization and confirmation, given the benefits. Consequently, PEG 6000 offers an economically feasible and flexible strategy for viral enhancement with significant consequences of improving both the accuracy and sensitivity associated with research as well as medical laboratory diagnostic applications. This review provides a comparative assessment of inhibitor mitigation strategies.v
The importance of some physiological markers in Tikrit City patients with beta thalassemia
Background Thalassemia is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders caused by a deficiency in the production of beta chains of hemoglobin. Objective of this study was to determine the evaluating variables, measuring hematological, biochemical, and physiological indicators in beta-thalassemia patients and comparing the results with healthy individuals in carriers of beta thalassemia in Tikrit, Iraq. Patients and methods Fifty patients with beta thalassemia carriers who attended the laboratory department of Tikrit Hospital between August 2025 and February 2026 were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. Patients with microcytic hypochromic blood pictures underwent CBC testing, biochemical testing for T-protein, calcium, potassium, and ALP levels, as well as testing for serum iron and ferritin levels. Results: There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.1) in the current study's sex-specific outcomes. The current study's findings on age groups revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.02) across the study groups. At a probability level of p < 0.01, there are statistically significant variations in hematological parameters. Additionally, the two research groups' total protein and potassium levels were found to be lower in patients than in healthy individuals, with statistically non-significant differences (p < 0.05). Serum iron and ferritin parameters showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between the two study groups, although calcium and ALP levels showed statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between patients and healthy individuals.
beta thalassemia, Hemoglobin, CBC, ferritin, iron, T-protein, Calcium and Potassium, ALP
Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of a Newly Formulated Polyherbal Mouthwash
The expanding concerns regarding the safety of health care products used for oral disorders inspire the researcher to find alternatives that being safe and natural for oral care, this property was found it is way in searching the use of herbal products. The aim of the current research to formulate and evaluate herbal mouth was products using different herbs such as chamomile cinnamon, and clove. The prepared formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties like organoleptic properties as taste and consistency, viscosity, and thermal stability. By agar diffusion procedure, the antibacterial efficacy of herbal mouth formulation was evaluated using an oral pathogen commonly encountered in pathogenesis of dental plaque. While radical scavenging technique was evaluated by using hydrogen peroxide to evaluate antioxidant activity of herbal mouth wash. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed by the egg albumin denaturation method. The results elaborated that the best herbal mouth formulation has acceptable organoleptic that will satisfy consumer needs. The other properties were within acceptable ranges regarding pH, viscosity, and thermal stability. The antibacterial activity showed concentration-dependent inhibition for bacterial growth. Also, it showed better and significant antioxidant activity. The prepared herbal mouthwash formulation showed a potential regarding establishment of natural alternative for treatment oral health diseases.
Herbal mouthwash, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory, Neem
Human Papillomavirus Infection, Immune Dysregulation, and Oxidative Stress as Predictors of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is increasingly recognized as associated with endometrial immunological disturbance and adverse reproductive outcomes. Yet the systemic immunological and hormonal correlates of this association, and their diagnostic utility in clinical settings, remain poorly defined. Aim: This study aimed to assess the association of HPV infection with systemic immunological and oxidative stress markers and to evaluate their contribution to adverse pregnancy outcomes in women of reproductive age. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study enrolled 120 women across four groups (n=30 each): Group 1 (HPV-negative controls), Group 2 (HPV-positive without complications), Group 3 (adverse pregnancy outcomes, HPV-negative), and Group 4 (HPV-positive with adverse pregnancy outcomes). Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), peripheral blood natural killer (PB-NK) cells, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), progesterone, and estradiol were measured. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were applied to identify independent predictors and diagnostic thresholds. Results: Group 4 showed the highest IL-6 (12.6±2.1 pg/mL), TNF-α (15.8±2.6 pg/mL), IFN-γ (17.2±3.1 pg/mL), and MDA (6.2±1.2 nmol/mL), with the lowest IL-10, PB-NK cells, SOD, GSH, progesterone, and endometrial thickness (p<0.001 to p=0.003). Logistic regression identified MDA (OR=3.06), TNF-α (OR=2.12), and IL-6 (OR=1.84) as significant independent predictors of adverse outcomes. ROC analysis revealed MDA as the strongest single diagnostic marker (AUC=0.891, cutoff ≥4.2 nmol/mL); the combined biomarker model achieved AUC=0.934. Conclusion: HPV infection is independently associated with systemic pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress dysregulation, hormonal insufficiency, and impaired endometrial receptivity. The MDA-TNF-α-IL-6 panel shows promising clinical utility for identifying women at elevated risk of pregnancy failure, warranting incorporation into preconception assessment protocols.
Human papillomavirus; endometrial receptivity; pregnancy outcomes; oxidative stress; cytokines; logistic regression; ROC analysis
Protective Effects of Nano-Curcumin Against Cadmium Chloride-Induced Liver and Kidney Damage in Male Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Reproductive Hormones
Background: Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is toxic and accumulates mainly in the liver and kidney, resulting in plants being severely damaged due to oxidative stress, inflammation and hormonal imbalance. Cadmium toxicity, though efforts are being put to control human exposures, is one of the biggest health problems in majority of the regions in the world like Iraq. Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of nano-curcumin (NC) to prevent the liver and kidney damages caused by cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 ) in male Wistar rats with a focus on the oxidative stresses, inflammatory cytokines and hormones. Procedures: The forty adult males (n = 40) were divided into four equal groups (n = 10) to take the number of Wistar rats. Normal saline was used to spray group I (control). Eight weeks later group II was administered CdCl 2 (5 mg/kg body weight, orally, daily). The group III was administered with nano-curcumin (orally, 50mg/kg body weight, every day) within a period of eight weeks. Group IV- an intervention that was done on them to have CdCl 2 and nano-curcumin simultaneous in the same doses over eight weeks. At the conclusion of the experiment, blood and tissue samples were analyzed and examined using the markers of liver (ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin), kidney (creatinine, urea, BUN, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides) functioning and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, TAC. Results: The liver enzymes, kidney functioning markers, MDA, inflammatory cytokines and cortisol levels significantly increased in Group II and significantly decreased when compared to control group (p < 0.05). All these parameters were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased by Group IV treated with the co-treatment with nano-curcumin compared to Group II however not returning to the normal values. Conclusion: Nano-curcumin was discovered to possess immense protective effects against cadmium-induced liver and kidney damage in male rats because it was able to alleviate oxidative stress, decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines and help in normalization of hormone levels. These results suggest that nano-curcumin can be a natural compound potentially exhibiting good outcomes in alleviating the negative effects of heavy metal toxicity.
Nano-curcumin is used to induce toxicity to the liver, kidneys, oxidative stress, inflammation cytokines, and reproductive hormones, and in Wistar rats
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The Relationship Between Copeptin, Lipid Profile Disorders, and Kidney Function in Patients with Myocardial Infarction
Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening condition associated with coronary artery disease. Early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis plays a critical role in reducing mortality rates. Therefore, clinicians rely on a range of biomarkers for the early detection of myocardial injury, including copeptin. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between copeptin levels, lipid profile abnormalities, and kidney function parameters in patients with myocardial infarction.Methods: This study was conducted from July 2025 to November 2025 and included 90 male participants. The first group consisted of 60 patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI), while the second group included 30 apparently healthy individuals as controls. Participants’ ages ranged from 50 to 70 years. Inclusion criteria involved patients attending or admitted to Samarra General Hospital and diagnosed with MI by a specialist physician. Exclusion criteria included patients with cancer, hepatitis, or renal failure.Results: The findings of the current study revealed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in serum copeptin levels in MI patients, reaching (13.99 ± 2.95 pg/ml). Lipid profile analysis demonstrated significant elevations (P ≤ 0.05) in total cholesterol (260.2 ± 23.9 mg/dl), triglycerides (147.3 ± 33.4 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (162.4 ± 26.9 mg/dl), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (29.46 ± 6.69 mg/dl) in MI patients. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels showed a significant decrease, reaching (68.4 ± 14.7 mg/dl). Furthermore, the study demonstrated significant increases in urea (6.32 ± 1.210 mg/dl), uric acid (8.43 ± 2.13 mg/dl), and creatinine (1.048 ± 0.331 mg/dl) levels in MI patients. A strong positive correlation was observed between copeptin and both urea (r = 0.550) and creatinine (r = 0.438). However, very weak correlations were found between copeptin and uric acid as well as lipid profile parameters. Conclusion:* The present study suggests that copeptin can be used as a reliable biomarker in myocardial infarction, as its levels significantly increase in affected patients. Additionally, lipid profile components and kidney function parameters (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) were significantly elevated, while HDL-C levels were significantly reduced in MI patients. A strong positive correlation exists between copeptin and both urea and creatinine, whereas its correlation with uric acid and lipid profile is very weak
Myocardial Infarction, Coronary Artery Disease, Copeptin, Lipid Profile
Association of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Glycemic Control and Microvascular Complications
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is defined by persistent hyperglycemia which leads to oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation which causes microvascular complications. The interconnection between inflammatory signs, oxidative stress, and glycemic control is imperative to understanding of patients at risk. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-a, hs-CRP) and oxidative stress (MDA, TAC, SOD) parameters between T2DM patients and healthy controls and determine the relationship between them and microvascular complications and glycemic control. Methods: 150 T2DM patients (75 with complications, 75 without complications) and 50 healthy controls were involved in this case-control study. Blood samples were fasted and compared in terms of HbA1c, fasting glucose, lipids profile, inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-a, hs-CRP), and oxidative stress (MDA, TAC, SOD) levels. The analysis of the predictive performance to complications was done using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Findings: IL-6 (18.4+-4.2 vs 4.2+-1.1 pg/mL, P<0.001), TNF-a (28.6+-6.4 vs 8.4+-2.1 pg/mL, P<0.001), hs-CRP (6.8+-1.8 vs 1.2+-0.4 mg/L, P<0.001) were found to be significantly higher in T2DM patients than controls. The level of oxidative stress was high: the MDA level doubled, and the TAC fell by 48%. Further increases in IL-6 (24.6+-5.8 vs 12.4+-3.2 pg/mL, P<0.001) and MDA (8.4+-2.1 vs 4.8+-1.2 nmoI/mL, P<0.001) were found in patients with complications. The highest predictive accuracy of microvascular complications was IL-6/TAC ratio (AUC=0.92). Conclusion: There is a great increase of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in T2DM patients, and additional increases in microvascular complication patients. The IL-6/TAC ratio can be used as an effective biomarker to detect patients with a risk of complications.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; inflammatory markers; oxidative stress; interleukin-6; microvascular complications; glycemic control
This is the case of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Relationship with Inflammatory Markers, Immune Function, and Hematological Parameters in Adults of Iraq
Background: Deficiency of vitamin D is very high among the populations in middle east although there is ample sunshine with new findings that it is connected to immune dysfunction as well as chronic inflammation. The correlation of the state of vitamin D with inflammatory parameters and immune parameters is critical to interventions to improve the health of the population. Purpose: The aim of the study was to calculate the level of vitamin D deficiency among the population of Iraqi adults and to identify its correlation with the level of inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-a, hs-CRP), with immune parameters (lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulins) and hematological indicators. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study that involved 250 apparently healthy Iraqi adults (18-60 years). The vitamin D status of the participants was stratified: deficient (Less than 20 ng/ml, n=118), insufficient (20-29 ng/ml, n=82), and sufficient ([?]30 ng/ml, n=50). Serum 25 (OH) D, inflammatory markers, lymphocyte subsets (flow cytometry), immunoglobulins and complete blood count were measured. Findings: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 47.2 with insufficiency level of 32.8. Insufficient subjects had much higher levels of inflammatory markers than deficient: IL-6 (12.8+-3.4 vs 4.6+-2.1 pg/mL, P<0.001), TNF-a (18.6+-4.2 vs 8.2+-2.1 pg/mL, P<0.001), hs-CRP (4.8+-1.4 vs 1.4+-0.4 mg/L, P<0.001). There was a decrease in CD4+ T cells (32.4+-5.8% vs 41.2+-6.4%, P<0.001) and CD4/CD8 ratio (1.86 to 1.24). Deficient subjects had an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (2.86+-0.64 vs 1.68+-0.38, P<0.001). There were strong negative correlations between 25(OH)D and IL-6 (r=[?]0.68) and NLR (r=[?]0.62). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is very common in the Iraqi adult population and is correlated with high levels of inflammatory markers, poor cellular immunity and high NLR. These results justify the relevance of vitamin D screening and supplementation interventions in the population.
The deficiency of vitamin D; inflammatory factors; immune system; interleukin-6; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
Determinants and prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Baghdad among Children under five years- A cross sectional study of a large pediatric referral center
Iron deficient anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional condition among children worldwide and the implication of this condition cannot be underestimated in relation to cognitive development and body maturation. This was a cross-sectional study to establish the prevalence and risk factors of IDA in the five year old children who were attending Central Child Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. A systematic random sampling was used to enroll (320 children) marshmallow children. CBC, serum ferritin (divided by CRP), serum iron, TIBC and saturation of transferrin were done. Demographic data, feeding practices and socioeconomic aspect data were gathered through use of structured questionnaires. The findings showed that general prevalence rate of anemia was 48.1 according to the IDA prevalence is 88.3 of all anemia prevalence in it with 42.5 prevalence of the IDA prevalence (n=136). The exclusive bottle feeding (aOR=2.86, p= 0.001), late introduction of complementary foods (aOR=2.34, p=0.002), low maternal education (aOR=1.98, p=0.008) and low socioeconomic status (aOR=2.12, p=0.004) were found to be significant risk factors. The mean hemoglobin of children with IDA was found to be 9.8+-1.4 g /dl as compared to 12.2+-1.1 g /dl in children without IDA (p < 0.001). This conclusion means that a sense of urgency exists in massive nutrition intervention programmes which focus on early childhood nutrition and maternal education in Iraq.
Iron Deficiency Anemia, Children, Hemoglobin, Ferritin, CRP
Prevalence and relationship of hypertension among adult patients visiting primary health care centers in Baghdad, Iran: Cross-sectional study
Hypertension causes cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. The study was a cross-sectional one that sought to find out the hypertension prevalence and other related factors in adults who visit primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Baghdad. Systematic random sampling will be used to recruit a total of 520 adults [?]18 years old enrolled in six PHCs in Baghdad in the period of April-October 2024. A single visit measurement of blood pressure was done in accordance with standardized WHO STEPS protocols. Hypertension was considered as systolic BP [?]140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP [?]90 mmHg, or the present consumption of antihypertensive drugs. Structured questions were used to gather data on demographics, lifestyle and medical history. Findings revealed prevalence of hypertension of 34.6 (n=180) among PHC attendees with 48.3% having never been diagnosed. Other factors of importance were; age [?]50 years (aOR=3.24, p<0.001), obesity (aOR=2.68, p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (aOR=2.42, p=0.001), family history (aOR=2.18, p=0.002), physical inactivity (aOR=1.86, p=0.008) and high salt intake (aOR=1.72, p=0 These results show high prevalence of hypertension among PHC attendants and the prevalence of unrecognized cases, which indicate the necessity of the systematic opportunistic screening and lifestyle change program in the primary care environment.
Hypertension, Primary Healthcare, Risk Factors, Obesity, Screening, Baghdad, Iraq
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and relation of Vitamin D Deficiency with Bone Health Markers in Baghdad among Women of Reproductive Age
The countries in the Middle East are very prone to the deficiency of vitamin D despite the excessive amount of sunlight, which is strange when considering the fact that the culture of the country restricts the exposure to the sun. The hypothesis of the cross-sectional research was to establish the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency among the reproductive-aged women (18-45 years) and how this condition was correlated with the bone health indicators. Between March and September 2024, 280 women who visit outpatient clinics at Baghdad Teaching Hospital were enrolled with the help of the convenience sampling method. Measurements were done on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as parathyroid hormone (PTH). Structured questionnaires were used to gather information on sun exposure, dietary intake and physical activity. Findings indicated overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/mL) of 72.5% (n=203), severe deficiency (25(OH)D <10 ng/mL) of 28.2% and deficiency (10-19.9 ng/mL) of 44.3% with insufficiency (20-29.9 ng/mL) of 19.3% and sufficient levels (30 ng/mL Wearing full covering clothing, limited outdoor activity, low dietary vitamin D intake and multiparity were significant risk factors (aOR= 3.42, p=0.001, aOR= 2.64, p=0.001, aOR= 2.18, p=0.003, aOR= 1.86, p=0.012, respectively). Weak women possessed much more PTH and ALP and less calcium. Such findings show that there is an urgent need of public health interventions such as supplementation programs and awareness programs.
Vitamin D, Deficiency, Women, Calcium, PTH, Bone Health, Baghdad, Iraq
Immunoendocrine Interactions and Oxidative Stress in Infectious and Metabolic Diseases
Background: The neuroendocrine and immune systems operate as deeply integrated regulatory networks, jointly modulating host responses to infectious agents and metabolic perturbations. Disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis frequently coincide with pathological oxidative stress, creating a self-amplifying cycle of immunological dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, and cellular damage. Emerging evidence further implicates mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, and immunometabolic reprogramming as critical mechanistic intermediaries. Objective: This review critically examines the bidirectional relationship between immunoendocrine signaling and oxidative stress across infectious and metabolic diseases, with emphasis on the Nrf2/NF-κB axis, NLRP3 inflammasome, ferroptosis, immunometabolic reprogramming, and the microbiome-endocrine-immune interface. Key Findings: Cortisol, thyroid hormones, melatonin, and insulin orchestrate pro- and anti-inflammatory immune activity. ROS generated during infection and metabolic disease amplify cytokine cascades, impair antioxidant enzyme systems (SOD, CAT, GPx), and suppress endocrine feedback loops. Mitochondrial ROS trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while ferroptosis—an iron-dependent, GPX4-regulated cell death pathway—emerges as a critical tissue injury mechanism in diabetes and severe infections. The Warburg-shifted immunometabolic reprogramming of activated immune cells further amplifies inflammatory cascades. Conclusion: Multi-target therapeutic strategies simultaneously addressing endocrine dysregulation, ferroptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative burden represent the most promising approach for managing complex infectious and metabolic pathologies. Sex-stratified multiomics investigations and AI-assisted biomarker integration are urgently needed.
immunoendocrine interactions; HPA axis; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; Nrf2/NF-κB; ferroptosis; mitochondrial dysfunction; immunometabolism; infectious diseases; metabolic syndrome
Parasitic Infections in Livestock: Pathophysiology and Immune Response
Background: Parasitic infections remain a major constraint on global livestock productivity, contributing to substantial economic losses and compromised food security, particularly in developing regions. The biological complexity of host-parasite interactions — spanning protozoan, helminthic, and ectoparasitic infestations — governs infection outcomes, pathological severity, and therapeutic response through mechanisms that are only partially understood. Objective: This narrative review critically analyzes the pathophysiology, immune polarization dynamics, oxidative stress mechanisms, and therapeutic landscape of major livestock parasites — including Theileria, Babesia, Trypanosoma, Fasciola, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Eimeria — with a focus on immune evasion strategies, anthelmintic resistance, and a systems biology perspective. Key Findings: Protozoan parasites predominantly drive Th1 polarization (IFN-γ, TNF-α), while helminths classically elicit Th2 responses (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE). Regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion is common to most chronic parasitoses and undermines effector immunity. Oxidative stress — manifested by elevated MDA and depleted SOD, GPx, and GSH — is commonly associated with many major livestock parasitoses, though its magnitude varies considerably by parasite species, infection stage, and host immune status. Anthelmintic resistance represents a critical and escalating global challenge. Conclusion: Effective management of livestock parasitosis requires integrated approaches combining targeted antiparasitic chemotherapy, resistance management, immunomodulatory nutritional support, host genetic resistance selection, and evidence-based vaccination. Future research must prioritize AI-assisted diagnostics, multi-omics characterization of resistance, and climate-adaptive epidemiological modeling.
livestock parasites; pathophysiology; immune polarization; oxidative stress; Haemonchus contortus; Fasciola hepatica; anthelmintic resistance; immune evasion; vaccination; systems biology
Comparative Analysis of Protein Fractions and Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical and Biochemical Implications
This study showed the effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on serum protein balance and redox homeostasis through a comparative analysis of serum protein fractions and oxidation markers. The results showed a significant reduction in total protein, albumin, and ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity coupled with marked elevation in globulin levels and total oxidant status(TOS), also a decline in catalase activity compared with the first (healthy) group. This alterations connected with a dual disturbance in nutritional and immune status: tubular damage, malnutrition, and protein loss which cause a decreased in proteins serum. While the increase in globulin levels indicates a chronic inflammatory response. The increase in (TOS) with reduced antioxidant defenses confirms the role of oxidative stress in (CKD) progression. Furthermore, the decrease in ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity is caused by impaired iron and copper metabolism and the accumulation of labile iron, which promotes Fenton reactions and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Overall these results suggest that assessment of serum proteins and oxidative stress biomarkers provides important diagnostic and prognostic tools for evaluating disease severity and guiding therapeutic interventions, stressing in the importance to but a strategy that include nutritional support and oxidative stress mitigation to advance clinical outcomes in CKD patients.
chronic kidney disease, total protein, albumin, total oxidant status, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase
Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers in Infectious and Metabolic Diseases: A Comparative Study
Background: Bacterial infections and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) independently dysregulate redox homeostasis and immune signalling; their co-occurrence may amplify these perturbations through shared transcriptional pathways. Aim: To quantify and compare oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers across healthy controls, patients with bacterial infection, patients with T2DM, and patients with concurrent bacterial infection and T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study enrolled 120 participants (30 per group) at a teaching hospital in Salah al-Din, Iraq (January–June 2024). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and a full metabolic panel were measured. One-way ANOVA with Duncan’s post hoc test and Pearson correlation were applied using SPSS v.26. Results: Group 4 (concurrent disease) showed the highest MDA (5.28 ± 0.74 nmol/mL; p=0.004 vs controls) and the lowest SOD (1.87 ± 0.39 U/mL; p<0.001). MDA correlated positively with IL-6 (r=+0.63, p=0.008) and negatively with SOD (r=−0.54, p=0.041). CRP and IL-6 were severalfold elevated in Group 4 relative to all other groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Co-existing bacterial infection and T2DM synergistically intensify oxidative and inflammatory burden, underscoring the need for integrated antioxidant monitoring in dually affected patients.
Immunological Role of IL-40, IL-37, and IL-38 in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association with Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by persistent synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. The immunomodulatory roles of IL-40, IL-37, and IL-38 in RA remain incompletely understood, particularly in Middle Eastern patient populations. Research question: Are serum levels of IL-40, IL-37, and IL-38 elevated in RA patients compared with healthy controls, and do they correlate with established pro-inflammatory markers? Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Salah al-Din, Iraq (January–September 2025), enrolling 60 RA patients and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum cytokines were quantified by ELISA. Normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test; Mann-Whitney U and Spearman rank correlation were applied. Results: IL-40 (8.91±1.08 vs 7.29±2.24 pg/mL; p=0.0002), IL-37 (398.44±72.95 vs 68.33±29.30 pg/mL; p<0.001), and IL-38 (635.48±197.43 vs 145.23±56.17 pg/mL; p<0.001) were all significantly elevated in RA. All pro-inflammatory markers were markedly elevated (p<0.001). Within the RA group, IL-37 correlated positively with CRP (r=0.352, r²=0.124, p=0.006) and ESR (r=0.311, r²=0.097, p=0.016). Conclusion: These findings suggest that IL-40, IL-37, and IL-38 may be actively involved in RA immunopathology. The moderate positive correlations between IL-37 and acute-phase reactants may reflect a counter-regulatory response proportional to systemic inflammatory burden. Confirmation in larger, longitudinal, multi-centre studies is required.
Rheumatoid arthritis; IL-40; IL-37; IL-38; Pro-inflammatory cytokines; Iraq; Cross-sectional study
Assessing the levels of Cystatin-C in the serum, along with several biochemical parameters in individuals diagnosed with chronic kidney disease
Background: Chronic Nephron loss and adaptive hyperfiltration in the surviving nephrons are symptoms of chronic kidney disease(CKD), a parenchymal illness caused by a range of acute and chronic stresses. Proteinuria and a gradual decline in renal function are long-term consequences of adaptive hyperfiltration, which damages the glomeruli. Renal function declines without symptoms at first, and kidney failure symptoms do not appear until much later in the disease's progression. Cystatin- C(Cys-C): is a protein produced by the nucleated cells in the body. When kidneys work well, they keep the level of cystatin-C in our blood just right, and high level of this biomarker in blood mean that the kidneys are not working well. Cystatin-C has some advantages over serum creatinine in eGFR. The use of cystatin-C as a confirmatory biomarker in deciding medication dosages or as a confirmatory test in patients with an uncertain diagnosis of chronic kidney disease may be beneficial.Aim: Determine the level Cystatin- C(Cys-C) and other biochemical parameters in sera of patient with CKD and to compare the results with an apparently healthy person of a comparable age group.Patients and methods: This study was a prospective cross-sectional study. There were 85 male in the trial, 55 of whom had CKD, and 30 apparently healthy man included in this study as a control group in Tikrit City over one year time; from June 2024 until the end of April 2025. The blood samples were collected from each man included in this study for the estimation Cystatin- C(Cys-C), were measured using the ELISA kit technique and blood Urea , Creatinine, Uric acid and albumin by using Cobas –Germany. Results: The mean serum level of Cystatin- C(Cys-C), was elevated in CKD patients comparing with control group (13.34 ±1.45, 4.06 ± 1.18 pg/mL). The result was highly significant (p<0.05). while the mean serum level of blood urea and serum creatinine was found among CKD patients (155.9 ± 21.3,7.750 ± 2.10 mg/dl), (32.2 ± 6.61, 0.788 ± 0.118 mg/dl) respectively compared with control The result was highly significant (p<0.05). Serum uric acid levels showed significant (p<0.05) increase even with in normal range in case group at mean ±SD (5.69 ± 1.141mg/dl) compared with mean ±SD of control group (4.497 ± 0.548mg/dl). Serum albumin in case group (mean ±SD) (3.881 ± 0.371g/dl) compared with control group (mean ±SD) (4.477 ± 0.400 g/dl), there was a significant difference at a p<0.05. This study also found that there was a positive correlation between S Cystatin- C(Cys-C), with the level of B. Urea serum creatinine in CKD patients.
kidney disease, Cystatin- C(Cys-C), Blood urea, Creatinine, uric acid, albumin
Correlating the rs37389 Variant with Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized as a multifaceted metabolic disorder with significant genetic underpinnings, especially concerning lipid metabolism abnormalities such as dyslipidemia. This thesis investigates the correlation between the rs37389 variant, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within a crucial gene for lipid transport and metabolism, and lipid metabolism parameters in T2DM patients. Through a comprehensive study involving T2DM patients and healthy controls, we assessed the frequencies of the rs37389 genotypes (GG, AA, AG) and their associations with various metabolic parameters including Body Mass Index (BMI), lipid profiles (Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL), and glycemic control indicators (HbA1C, Fasting Blood Sugar). Our findings reveal nuanced insights into the metabolic implications of the rs37389 variant in the T2DM context. While the observed trends in metabolic parameters across different rs37389 genotypes suggest potential genetic influences on lipid metabolism in T2DM, statistical significance was not achieved, pointing to the complexity of genetic impacts on metabolic traits in T2DM. The study underscores the importance of considering genetic factors alongside traditional risk factors in understanding and managing T2DM, particularly its dyslipidemic complications. Despite the limitations such as sample size and potential confounding variables, this thesis contributes to the growing body of research on the genetic basis of T2DM and highlights the need for further studies with larger cohorts and more controlled conditions to fully elucidate the role of the rs37389 variant in T2DM pathology.
An Investigation into the Levels of Asprosin Hormone and Some Immunological Variables in a Number of Obese Women in the City of Kirkuk
The current study involved examining the level of Asprosin hormone and some immunological variables, including TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, in 100 samples from women. These samples were divided into 50 blood samples from obese women, 30 from lean women, and 20 from women with ideal weight, all ranging in age from 25 to 45 years. The study was conducted from November 2021 to the end of April 2022. Blood samples were collected in the early morning after a minimum fast of 6-8 hours, excluding pregnant women and patients. The statistical analysis results showed a significant increase (P≤0.01) in Asprosin concentration in obese women (5.82 ± 0.83) ng/ml, compared to the control group (3.27 ± 0.40) ng/ml. However, there were no significant differences in Asprosin concentration in lean women (3.10 ± 0.22) ng/ml compared to the control group (3.27 ± 0.40) ng/ml. As for the immunological variables, the statistical analysis showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the concentration of TNF-α in the serum of obese women (225.13 ± 6.71) ng/L, and in the serum of lean women (155.75 ± 3.04) ng/L compared to the control group (148.41 ± 5.18) ng/L. The results also showed a significant increase at (P≤0.05) in the concentration of IL-6 in the serum of obese women (2.28 ± 3.10) pg/ml compared to the control group (0.33 ± 2.19) pg/ml, while there were no significant differences in the serum of lean women (0.92 ± 2.69) pg/ml compared to the control group. However, the statistical analysis showed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the concentration of IL-1 in the serum of obese women (168.06 ± 19.8) pg/ml, and in the serum of lean women (309.25 ± 13.47) pg/ml compared to the control group (420.45 ± 29.47) pg/ml.
The Role of rs2305948 in Determining Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide and is curable in ~70–80% of patients with early-stage, non-metastatic disease. Advanced breast cancer with distant organ metastases is considered incurable with currently available therapies. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) are closely related to angiogenesis in Breast cancer. Main functions of VEGFR2 include increasing the expression of VEGF and inducing tumor angiogenesis. In addition, VEGF plays a role in promoting vascular endothelial cell division and angiogenesis through VEGFR2 and is also involved in promoting the aggressive growth of tumors. Previous research has revealed that genetic mutations and polymorphisms are closely related to disease susceptibility and can lead to different responses to environmental factors and drugs. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the association of rs2305948 with Breast cancer and to obtain a stronger conclusion. Many studies have reported a relationship between the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2305948 and Breast cancer, but their conclusions have been controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between rs2305948 and Breast cancer susceptibility
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Prostate Cancer Therapy Respones: An ELISA study on the Role of MMP9
Numerous studies have evaluated the association between the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and prostate cancer (PCA) risk. However, these studies have yielded conflicting results. As one of the most widely investigated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-9 is a significant protease which plays vital roles in many biological processes. MMP-9 can cleave many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to regulate ECM remodelling. It can also cleave many plasma surface proteins to release them from the cell surface. MMP-9 has been widely found to relate to the pathology of cancers, including but not limited to invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Some recent research evaluated the value of MMP-9 as biomarkers to various specific cancers. Besides, recent research of MMP-9 biosensors discovered various novel MMP-9 biosensors to detect this enzyme. In our findings provide further evidence that the expression of MMP-9 contribute to PCA risk. MMP-9 protein overexpression was found in prostate cancers, low expression in any of the normal tissues or in benign prostatic tissue. MMP-9 is potentially an important prostate tumor marker. Such research could ultimately contribute to more personalized and effective treatment strategies for patients with prostate cancer.
Exploring IL_18 Levels in Alzheimer’s disease progression Using ELISA Methodology
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by cognitive decline and involves complex pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a proinflammatory cytokine, is linked to AD's progression, with elevated levels found in patients. IL-18's role in neuroinflammation, including its production by microglia and effects on other immune cells, contributes to AD's pathology. This study explores the role of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels in the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) methodology. It investigates the complex pathophysiology of AD, highlighting the significance of neuroinflammation and the contribution of IL-18 as a proinflammatory cytokine in the disease's progression. The study employed ELISA to quantitatively measure IL-18 levels in 20 patient samples and 20 healthy control samples, providing insights into the correlation between IL-18 expression and AD severity. Results revealed a marked elevation of IL-18 in AD patients (59.38) compared to controls (14.38), underscoring the cytokine's potential role as a biomarker for AD progression and its involvement in the disease's inflammatory processes. These findings suggest that IL-18 could be a target for therapeutic intervention, offering new avenues for AD management and treatment.
IL_33 as a Modulator of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: An ELISA Approach
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating condition with no known effective treatment. AD is characterized by memory loss as well as impaired locomotor ability, reasoning, and judgment. Emerging evidence suggests that the innate immune response plays a major role in the pathogenesis of AD. In AD, the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain perturbs physiological functions of the brain, including synaptic and neuronal dysfunction, microglial activation, and neuronal loss. Serum levels of soluble ST2 (sST2), a decoy receptor for interleukin (IL)-33, increase in patients with mild cognitive impairment, suggesting that impaired IL-33/ST2 signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, we investigated the potential therapeutic role of IL-33 in AD. Our results demonstrate a potential therapeutic role for IL-33 in AD. The elevated levels of IL-33 in Alzheimer’s disease patients highlight a promising area of research that could have significant implications for the understanding and management of the disease.