Comparative Analysis of Protein Fractions and Oxidative Stress Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical and Biochemical Implications

Abstract

This study showed the effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on serum protein balance and redox homeostasis through a comparative analysis of serum protein fractions and oxidation markers. The results showed a significant reduction in total protein, albumin, and ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity coupled with marked elevation in globulin levels and total oxidant status(TOS), also a decline in catalase activity compared with the first (healthy) group. This alterations connected with a dual disturbance in nutritional and immune status: tubular damage, malnutrition, and protein loss which cause  a decreased in proteins serum. While  the increase in globulin levels indicates a chronic inflammatory response. The increase in (TOS) with reduced antioxidant defenses confirms the role of oxidative stress in (CKD) progression. Furthermore, the decrease in ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity is caused by impaired iron and copper metabolism and the accumulation of labile iron, which promotes Fenton reactions and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Overall these results suggest that assessment of serum proteins and oxidative stress biomarkers provides important diagnostic and prognostic tools for evaluating disease severity and guiding therapeutic interventions, stressing in the importance to but a strategy that include nutritional support and oxidative stress mitigation to advance clinical outcomes in CKD patients.