Osteoporosis and its association with hormonal changes in women approaching menopause

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a major public health issue worldwide affecting millions of individuals globally causing morbidity and mortality. But it happens more to women as they age because of hormonal changes and chronic illnesses. The purpose of this article is to examine the clinical relationship between osteoporosis and the hormones estrogen and progesterone, and to evaluate any possible link between these. Estradiol (E2) is the primary bone hormone in females. It is important for the gain of bone mineral density (BMD) during adolescence, and its physiological levels suppress the increased bone resorption responsible for most of the loss of BMD in adults. But lower levels of estradiol cause bones to be resorbed and lost. Estradiol in all cells and tissues works in concert with its physiological partner, progesterone (P4). Bone’s job is to build bone density via the progesterone receptor (P4). Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) work in concert in bone remodeling, affecting bone resorption (E2) and bone production (P4). If the menstrual cycles are of normal length and ovulation occurs regularly, the levels of estradiol and progesterone are balanced, and bone density remains constant . However, normal menstrual cycles frequently have ovulatory problems (anovulation, short luteal phase) and low progesterone levels. These disruptions are more prevalent in adolescent girls and premenopausal women, and are intensified by daily life stressors such as poor energy, emotional, social, and economic challenges, as well as disease. We examined 35 premenopausal women diagnosed with osteoporosis and noted a substantial reduction in estrogen and progesterone levels (p-value < 0.05), while bone mineral levels remained within normal ranges, and no signs of arthritis were present.